Microbiota and Immune Dysregulation
Gut microbiota dysbiosis is caused by a variety of mechanisms including improper infant gut development from formula feeding, microbiome imbalance, immune dysregulation, proinflammatory mechanisms, and metabolic activities.
Dysbiosis leads to various T cell-related diseases, including:
- rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
- type 1 and type 2 diabetes,
- asthma
- cardiovascular disease
- inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
- cancer
- liver disease
- psychiatric disorders
Current Research Limitations
Despite the importance of understanding microbiome-T cell interactions, most immunology experiments have been performed with limited microbiome composition such as specific pathogen free (SPF) or germ free (GF) mice. Experimental results using gnotobiotic, that is specific colonized mouse models in the drug development stage cannot fully represent humans. To address these limitations, a fecal microbiota transplant (FMT) mouse model with a gut microbiota similar to that of humans was developed using human or wild mouse feces. The FMT mouse model has an abundant and more diverse gut microbiome than current experimental animal models. Mice implanted with the wild mouse or human microbiota not only exhibit different degrees of microbial diversity but their systemic immunity is also affected.
This review explores the role and health impacts of probiotics, focusing specifically on Bifidobacterium spp. It highlights the functionalities that Bifidobacteria can provide, underscored by the historical evolution of definitions and technological advancements related to probiotics. By examining the association between Bifidobacteria and longevity, this review suggests new avenues for health enhancement. Highlighting case studies of centenarians, it presents examples related to human aging, illuminating the potential links to longevity through research on Bifidobacterium strains found in centenarians. This review not only emphasizes the importance of current research but also advocates for further investigation into the health benefits of Bifidobacteria, underlining the necessity for continuous study in the nutraceutical field.
Ku S, Haque MA, Jang MJ, Ahn J, Choe D, Jeon JI, Park MS. The role of Bifidobacterium in longevity and the future of probiotics. Food Sci Biotechnol. 2024 Jul 11;33(9):2097-2110. doi: 10.1007/s10068-024-01631-y. PMID: 39130652; PMCID: PMC11315853.
Leaky Gut and Autoimmune Diseases - Research
Autoimmune diseases are characterized by tissue damage and loss of function due to an immune response that is directed against specific organs. This review is focused on the role of impaired intestinal barrier function on autoimmune
pathogenesis.
Colostrum Therapy for Human Gastrointestinal Health and Disease
There is increasing awareness that a broad range of gastrointestinal diseases, and some systemic diseases, are characterized by failure of the mucosal barrier. Bovine colostrum is a complex biological fluid replete with growth factors, nutrients, hormones, and paracrine factors which have a range of properties likely to contribute to mucosal healing in a wide range of infective, inflammatory, and injury conditions. In this review, we describe the anatomy and physiology of the intestinal barrier and how it may fail. We survey selected diseases in which disordered barrier function contributes to disease pathogenesis or progression, and review the evidence for or against efficacy of bovine colostrum in management. These disorders include enteropathy due to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), necrotizing enterocolitis, infectious diarrhea, intestinal failure, and damage due to cancer therapy. In animal models, bovine colostrum benefits NSAID enteropathy, IBD, and intestinal failure. In human trials, there is substantial evidence of efficacy of bovine colostrum in inflammatory bowel disease and in infectious diarrhea. Given the robust scientific rationale for using bovine colostrum as a promoter of mucosal healing, further work is needed to define its role in therapy.pathogenesis.
Bovine Colostrum and Its Potential for Human Health and Nutrition
Colostrum is the first milk produced post-partum by mammals and is compositionally distinct from mature milk. Bovine colostrum has a long history of consumption by humans, and there have been a number of studies investigating its potential for applications in human nutrition and health. Extensive characterization of the constituent fractions has identified a wealth of potentially bioactive molecules, their potential for shaping neonatal development, and the potential for their application beyond the neonatal period. Proteins, fats, glycans, minerals, and vitamins are abundant in colostrum, and advances in dairy processing technologies have enabled the advancement of bovine colostrum from relative limitations of a fresh and unprocessed food to a variety of potential applications. In these forms, clinical studies have examined bovine colostrum as having the substantial potential to improve human health. This review discusses the macro-and micronutrient composition of colostrum as well as describing well-characterized bioactives found in bovine colostrum and their potential for human health. Current gaps in knowledge are also identified and future directions are considered in order to elevate the potential for bovine colostrum as a component of a healthy diet for a variety of relevant human populations.
Arslan A, Kaplan M, Duman H, Bayraktar A, Ertürk M, Henrick BM, Frese SA, Karav S. Bovine Colostrum and Its Potential for Human Health and Nutrition. Front Nutr. 2021 Jun 21;8:651721. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2021.651721. PMID: 34235166; PMCID: PMC8255475.
Bovine Colostrum: Its Constituents and Uses
Colostrum is the milk produced during the first few days after birth and contains high levels of immunoglobulins, antimicrobial peptides, and growth factors. Colostrum is important for supporting the growth, development, and immunologic defence of neonates. Colostrum is naturally packaged in a combination that helps prevent its destruction and maintain bioactivity until it reaches more distal gut regions and enables synergistic responses between protective and reparative agents present within it. Bovine colostrum been used for hundreds of years as a traditional or complementary therapy for a wide variety of ailments and in veterinary practice. Partly due to concerns about the side effects of standard Western medicines, there is interest in the use of natural-based products of which colostrum is a prime example. Numerous preclinical and clinical studies have demonstrated therapeutic benefits of bovine colostrum for a wide range of indications, including maintenance of wellbeing, treatment of medical conditions and for animal husbandry. Articles within this Special Issue of Nutrients cover the effects and use bovine colostrum and in this introductory article, we describe the main constituents, quality control and an overview of the use of bovine colostrum in health and disease.
Playford RJ, Weiser MJ. Bovine Colostrum: Its Constituents and Uses. Nutrients. 2021 Jan 18;13(1):265. doi: 10.3390/nu13010265. PMID: 33477653; PMCID: PMC7831509.
Human milk oligosaccharides as prebiotics
Based on its richness in immune-related components such as human milk, human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), milk proteins, and lipids, breast milk can be considered the first functional food that humans encounter in their lifetime. According to WHO recommendations breast milk has to be the only food in an infant’s diet in the first six months of age which is then continued up to two years of age with the suitable complementary foods. Regarding breast milk balanced composition, it is considered as the best food of infants thus many studies have been carried out to determine the benefits of breast milk. Based on numerous studies breast milk have a tendency to reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes, obesity, allergies, celiac disease, necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), gastrointestinal tract infections and some type of cancers. The benefits of breast milk can be explained by its special combination which includes; macronutrients, micronutrients and bioactive components such as immunoglobulins, hormones, growth factors and oligosaccharides. One of the essential bioactive compounds of breast milk is known as human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs). HMOs are unique, bioactive carbohydrates which are identified as the most significant components of breast milk. Since they have structural complexity and multifunctional properties, they are one of the most wondered components of breast milk. HMOs promote the development of the neonatal intestinal immune, and nervous systems. This article briefly describes the history, complex structure and different functions of HMOs and highlight the importance of maternal diet for HMO biosynthesis.
Milk: a postnatal imprinting system stabilizing FoxP3 expression and regulatory T cell differentiation
Breastfeeding has protective effects for the development of allergies and atopy. Recent evidence underlines that consumption of unboiled farm milk in early life is a key factor preventing the development of atopic
diseases. Farm milk intake has been associated with increased demethylation of FOXP3 and increased numbers of regulatory T cells (Tregs). Thus, the questions arose which components of farm milk control the differentiation and function of Tregs, critical T cell subsets that promote tolerance induction and inhibit the development of allergy and autoimmunity.
Based on translational research we identified at least six major signalling pathways that could explain milk’s biological role controlling stable FoxP3 expression and Treg differentiation: (1) via maintaining appropriate magnitudes of Akt-mTORC1 signalling, (2) via transfer of milk fat-derived long-chain ω-3 fatty acids, (3) via transfer of milk-derived exosomal microRNAs that apparently decrease FOXP3 promoter methylation, (4) via transfer of exosomal transforming growth factor-β, which induces SMAD2/SMAD3-dependent FoxP3 expression, (5) via milk-derived Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus species that induce interleukin-10 (IL-10)-mediated differentiation of Tregs, and (6) via milk-derived oligosaccharides that serve as selected nutrients for the growth of bifidobacteria in the intestine of the new born infant.
Conclusion
Accumulating evidence underlines that milk is a complex signalling and epigenetic imprinting network that promotes stable FoxP3 expression and long-lasting Treg differentiation, crucial postnatal events preventing atopic and autoimmune diseases.
Oral immune therapy: targeting the systemic immune system via the gut immune system for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are associated with an altered systemic immune response leading to inflammation-mediated damage to the gut and other organs. Oral immune therapy is a method of systemic immune modulation via alteration of the gut immune system. It uses the inherit ability of the innate system of the gut to redirect the systemic innate and adaptive immune responses. Oral immune therapy is an attractive clinical approach to treat autoimmune and inflammatory disorders. It can induce immune modulation without immune suppression, has minimal toxicity and is easily administered.
Malnutrition and Gut Microbiota in Children
Malnutrition remains a global crisis, especially for young children. While lack of food and infections are key drivers, emerging research shows the gut microbiota also plays a major role. Diet strongly influences the development of gut bacteria, which in turn affects a child’s nutritional status. Breastfeeding shapes the infant gut by promoting beneficial bifidobacteria, while the introduction of solid foods increases microbial diversity. It is also becoming evident that initial feeding practices and their resulting impact on the gut microbiota of infants have both short- and long-term effects on health throughout life. These early feeding practices have lasting effects on gut health and may impact a child’s risk of malnutrition.
Bioactive compounds, nutritional profile and health benefits of colostrum: a review
Bovine colostrum is defined as first milk by milking animals responsible for providing the innate immunity to the neonatal and possess many immunoglobulins for preventing the calf from diseases. Colostrum consist of many bioactive compounds like proteins, enzymes, growth factors, immunoglobulins and nucleotides that provides several benefits to human health. Numerous clinical and pre-clinical studies have demonstrated the therapeutic benefits of the bovine colostrum. This review focusses on bioactive compounds, their health benefits, potential of colostrum for developing several health foods and prevention of respiratory and gastrointestinal tract disorders. Processing can also be done to extend shelf-life and extraction of bioactive constituents either as encapsulated or as extracts. The products derived from bovine colostrum are high-end supplements possessing high nutraceutical value.
Bovine colostrum: an emerging nutraceutical
Nutraceutical, a term combining the words
“nutrition” and “pharmaceuticals”, is a food or food
product that provides health benefits as an adjuvant or
alternative therapy, including the treatment and prevention of infectious diseases in children and adults. There is
emerging evidence that bovine colostrum (BC) may be
one of the promising nutraceuticals which can prevent
or mitigate various diseases in newborns and adults.
Immunity-related disorders are one of the leading causes
of mortality in the world. BC is rich in immunity, growth
and antimicrobial factors, which promote tissue growth
and the maturation of digestive tract and immune function in neonatal animals and humans.r providing the innate immunity to the neonatal and possess many immunoglobulins for preventing the calf from diseases. Colostrum consist of many bioactive compounds like proteins, enzymes, growth factors, immunoglobulins and nucleotides that provides several benefits to human health. Numerous clinical and pre-clinical studies have demonstrated the therapeutic benefits of the bovine colostrum. This review focusses on bioactive compounds, their health benefits, potential of colostrum for developing several health foods and prevention of respiratory and gastrointestinal tract disorders. Processing can also be done to extend shelf-life and extraction of bioactive constituents either as encapsulated or as extracts. The products derived from bovine colostrum are high-end supplements possessing high nutraceutical value.
Bovine Colostrum for Veterinary and Human Health Applications: A Critical Review
Bovine colostrum harbors a diverse array of bioactive components suitable for the development of functional foods, nutraceuticals, and pharmaceuticals with veterinary and human health applications. Bovine colostrum has a strong safety profile with applications across all age groups for health promotion and the amelioration of a variety of disease states. Increased worldwide milk production and novel processing technologies have resulted in substantial growth of the market for colostrum-based products. This review provides a synopsis of the bioactive components in bovine colostrum, the processing techniques used to produce high-value colostrum-based products, and recent studies utilizing bovine colostrum for veterinary and human health.
Immunotherapy with GcMAF revisited - A critical overview of the research of Nobuto Yamamoto - Epub 2022
GcMAF
Yamamoto and co-workers found that activation of B cells by DDG induced a 3-fold increase of the outersurface-bound β-galactosidase. They suspected that this enhanced activity might play a role in the conversion of Gc into an activator of macrophages. They further assumed that the outersurface-bound neuraminidase (sialidase) activity of untreated T cells was also involved. This led to the idea, that in their animal studies, the known O-glycosylation of the Gc protein [18] was partly deglycosylated by β-galactosidase (of DDG-activated B cells) and sialidase (of T cells) to a Gc product, termed GcMAF.
Simon PJ Albracht,
Immunotherapy with GcMAF revisited – A critical overview of the research of Nobuto Yamamoto, Cancer Treatment and Research Communications,
Volume 31, 2022, 100537,
ISSN 2468-2942,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctarc.2022.100537.
(https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2468294222000284)
Development of colostrum MAF and its clinical application
Recently, immunotherapy has emerged as a new and appealing strategy for cancer treatment and various other acute and chronic diseases. Essential components of the natural immune system-phagocytic cells called macrophages-multiply in response to an infection in the body.
The use of a macrophage activating therapy, such as macrophage activating factor (MAF), has extensive applications for treating numerous diseases by activating the natural macrophages of the body to stimulate the immune system. The aim of this review is to provide insight into
the features and clinical eicacy of a new type of macrophage-activating factor derived from colostrum, called colostrum MAF.
Sloan, Dr Robert, Marie Amitani, and Marie Amitani. “Development of Colostrum MAF and Its Clinical Application.” Neuropsychiatry (London) 7, no. 3 (2017): 246–53. doi:10.4172/NEUROPSYCHIATRY.1000206.
Bioactive Components in Milk and Dairy Products Bioactive Components in Milk and Dairy Products Bioactive Components in Milk and Dairy Products Bioactive Components in Milk and Dairy Products
Although bioactive compounds in milk and dairy products have been extensively studied during the last few decades – especially in human and bovine milks and some dairy products – very few publications on this topic are available, especially in other dairy species’ milk and their processed dairy products. Also, little is available in the areas of bioactive and nutraceutical compounds in bovine and human milks, while books on other mammalian species are non-existent. Bioactive Components in Milk and Dairy Products extensively covers the bioactive components in milk and dairy products of many dairy species, including cows, goats, buffalo, sheep, horse, camel, and other minor species. Park has assembled a group of internationally reputed scientists in the forefront of functional milk and dairy products, food science and technology as contributors to this unique book. Coverage for each of the various dairy species includes: bioactive proteins and peptides; bioactive lipid components; oligosaccharides; growth factors; and other minor bioactive compounds, such as minerals, vitamins, hormones and nucleotides, etc. Bioactive components are discussed for manufactured dairy products, such as caseins, caseinates, and cheeses; yogurt products; koumiss and kefir; and whey products. Aimed at food scientists, food technologists, dairy manufacturers, nutritionists, nutraceutical and functional foods specialists, allergy specialists, biotechnologists, medical and health professionals, and upper level students and faculty in dairy and food sciences and nutrition, Bioactive Components in Milk and Dairy Products is an important resource for those who are seeking nutritional, health, and therapeutic values or product technology information on milk and dairy products from the dairy cow and species beyond. Areas featured are: • Unique coverage of bioactive compounds in milks of the dairy cow and minor species, including goat, sheep, buffalo, camel, and mare • Identifies bioactive components and their analytical isolation methods in manufactured dairy products , such as caseins, caseinates, and cheeses; yogurt products; koumiss and kefir; and whey products • Essential for professionals as well as biotechnology researchers specializing in functional foods, nu-traceuticals, probiotics, and prebiotics • Contributed chapters from a team of world-renowned expert scientists.
439 pgs.
Espinoza Rado, Erika Paola. “Bioactive Components in Milk and Dairy Products Bioactive Components in Milk and Dairy Products Bioactive Components in Milk and Dairy Products Bioactive Components in Milk and Dairy Products,” n.d.
Immunomodulation through Nutrition Should Be a Key Trend in Type 2 Diabetes Treatment
Abstract: An organism’s ability to function properly depends not solely on its diet but also on the intake of nutrients and non-nutritive bioactive compounds that exert immunomodulatory effects. This principle applies both to healthy individuals and, in particular, to those with concomitant chronic conditions, such as type 2 diabetes. However, the current food industry and the widespread use of highly processed foods often lead to nutritional deficiencies. Numerous studies have confirmed the occurrence of immune system dysfunction in patients with type 2 diabetes. This article elucidates the impact of specific nutrients on the immune system function, which maintains homeostasis of the organism, with a particular emphasis on type 2 diabetes. The role of macronutrients, micronutrients, vitamins, and selected substances, such as omega-3 fatty acids, coenzyme Q10, and alpha-lipoic acid, was taken into consideration, which outlined the minimum range of tests that ought to be performed on patients in order to either directly or indirectly determine the severity of malnutrition in this group
of patients.